Asia-Pacific region is fast becoming vulnerable to climate change, Karl Wilson reports from Sydney.

It has been a year of devastation and wreckage for the region, and a year of warning about the dangers of climate change.

Australia:?With one foot injured, a man makes it to his car so he can drive out of floodwaters at Depot Hill in Rockhampton, Queensland, on Jan 6. [Agencies]

The impending cost of inaction could be catastrophic for both human beings and economies, experts say.

In 2011, the Asia-Pacific region was hit by some of the worst natural disasters in living memory, leaving thousands of people dead, millions homeless and wreaking havoc on domestic economies.

Floods swamped large parts of eastern Australia and Thailand, while Japan and New Zealand experienced their worst earthquakes ever. Prolonged droughts and floods caused havoc in central and eastern China, with the Yangtze River basin suffering from both drought and severe flood.

Natural disasters in 2010 caused $109 billion in economic damage - three times more than in 2009, according to the United Nations. This year that figure will be much higher.

Damage from the earthquake and tsunami that destroyed much of northeast Japan in March cost in excess of $300 billion. The Australian floods in January cost the economy around $30 billion, and the February earthquake that destroyed much of Christchurch on New Zealand's South Island left a damage bill topping $20 billion.

The full economic cost of the recent floods in Thailand is still being calculated, but it is expected to run into the tens of billions of dollars.

It will get worse

While Asia is no stranger to natural disasters, scientists say more extreme weather-related disasters are in store - droughts, floods and typhoons - owing to climate change as temperatures increase.

Japan: Residents of Rikuzentakata, Iwate prefecture, salvage belongings eight days after their homes were ruined by the earthquake and tsunami on March 11. [Agencies]

At a recent seminar on migration and global warming held at the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) headquarters in Manila, delegates were told that "the worst is yet to come". The United Nations and the World Bank have echoed similar warnings.

If climate change is not addressed now, the ADB said, it will severely hit the region's development and affect programs to cut poverty.

"Global warming is likely to cause rice yield potential to decline by up to 50 percent on average by 2100, compared to 1990, in Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia, and a large part of the dominant forest or woodland could be replaced by tropical savanna and shrub with low or no carbon sequestration potential," an ADB study said.

It warned that the potential economic cost of inaction will be huge.

"If the world continues 'business-as-usual' emissions trends, the cost to these countries each year could equal a loss of 6.7 percent of their combined gross domestic product by 2100, more than twice the world average," the ADB said.

Dennis de la Torre of the Philippines Climate Commission said the country can expect mean temperatures "in all areas of the Philippines to rise by 0.9 degrees C to 1.1 degrees C in 2020 and by 1.8 to 2.2 degrees C by 2050". The Philippines is often referred to as Typhoon Alley because it is the first country in Southeast Asia to be hit by typhoons and other tropical storms as they barrel in over the Pacific Ocean. The country is poor, so the impact on the livelihood of millions each year is significant.

"The Philippines, as an archipelagic nation, is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The country ranks No 1 in the world in terms of vulnerability to typhoons and third in terms of people exposed to such seasonal events," De la Torre said.

He quoted a recent Climate Change Vulnerability Index, released by the global risk advisory firm Maple-croft, as saying the Philippines ranks sixth among 16 countries in the world as extremely vulnerable to climate change.

'Most vulnerable'

The ADB, in a study on climate change and its impact on Southeast Asia, has said several factors contribute to the region's susceptibility to climate change.

Southeast Asia's 563 million people, who rely heavily on farming, are concentrated along coastlines that total 173,251 kilometers. An increase in extreme weather and forest fires arising from climate change jeopardizes vital export industries that account for more than 40 percent of employment and about 11 percent of GDP.

"The region is highly vulnerable to droughts, floods and tropical cyclones associated with warming. Its high economic dependence on natural resources and forestry - as one of the world's biggest providers of forest products - also puts it at risk," the ADB study said.

"Rapid economic growth and structural transformation in Southeast Asia helped lift millions out of extreme poverty in recent decades. But poverty remains high and the poor are the most vulnerable to climate change."

The ADB said mean temperature increased by 0.1-0.3 degrees C each decade from 1951 to 2000, rainfall trended downward from 1960 to 2000 and sea levels rose 1-3 millimeters a year.

Heat waves, droughts, floods and tropical cyclones have been more intense and frequent, causing extensive damage to property, assets and human life.

Recorded floods and storms have risen dramatically, particularly in the Philippines, increasing from just under 20 in the 1960s to nearly 120 by 2000-08, the study said.

It warned that the region is likely to suffer more from climate change than the world average, if no action is taken. In its projection, the annual mean temperature will rise 4.8 degrees C on average by 2100 from 1990.

"Mean sea level is projected to rise by 70 cm during the same period. Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam are expected to experience increasingly drier weather conditions in the next 20 to 30 years, although this trend is likely to reverse by the middle of this century," the study said.

Not enough planning

The World Bank said the Asia-Pacific region is the most disaster-prone region on Earth, accounting for more than 40 percent of the world's disasters and 65 percent of the people affected. From 1970 to 2010, the bank said, natural disasters resulted in more than 3.3 million deaths globally and left damage in excess of $2.3 trillion.

The ADB has warned that Asia, home to three-fifths of humanity, has by far the highest population density of any continent and the world's largest percentage of people living in poverty. As the region undergoes massive social and economic change, more people are migrating to urban centers along coastal areas, making them more vulnerable to harsh weather.

While wealthy countries such as Australia, Japan and New Zealand have the infrastructure to cope with major natural disasters, countries like Thailand are caught totally unprepared.

Vinod Thomas, a senior vice-president of the World Bank, said that about 50 developing countries face recurrent earthquakes, mudslides, floods, hurricanes and droughts, yet many of them do not seem to recognize they will recur. "Despite all these calamities, countries are still not fully prepared to respond adequately when disasters hit them," he said.

"External agencies often do not acknowledge these risks as a systematic threat to their assistance. For example, almost half of the countries borrowing from the World Bank for disaster response did not mention disaster prevention in their development plans. This situation must change.

"If we are ready to invest sizable funds to establish mechanisms to withstand financial crises, we need to do the same with the escalating hazards of nature," Thomas said. "Once the tragedy drops off newspapers' front pages, international donors, like the countries, find it hard to stay engaged with prevention efforts. This also means that the world's attention will no longer be fixed on natural disasters until the next big one hits us."

Earthquake zones

Asian and Pacific countries have also a high vulnerability to the impact of disasters apart from those related to weather. A number of countries sit on the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire - the fault line that runs round the Pacific basin from Japan to New Zealand and along the west coast of the Americas and is responsible for much of the volcanic and earthquake activity.

With increasing urbanization, migration patterns and population growth, people are occupying high-risk areas in greater numbers than ever, increasing their vulnerability to disaster impacts, the World Bank has said.

Natural disasters affect the economy immediately and directly, as well as having a long-term impact. In most disasters, the bulk of immediate damage comes from destroyed assets such as buildings, infrastructure, inventories and crops.

Disasters do not respect borders or distinguish between income levels, no matter how different the effects of disasters on human lives could be.

That could be the first and most important lesson from 2011.