Marc Aurel Stein

Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943) was a Hungarian-born British explorer and archaeologist. He was the first foreigner to convince Wang Yuanlu to sell him artifacts from the Library Cave in Dunhuang. With the support of the British and Indian governments, Stein undertook three major expeditions to Central Asia.

Stein arrived in Dunhuang in 1907 during his second expedition to Central Asia. His team not only unearthed a large number of Han-dynasty bamboo slips along the Great Wall near Dunhuang but also visited the Mogao Caves, taking numerous photos of the caves. By exploiting Wang's credulousness, Stein defrauded him into parting with 24 boxes of Dunhuang manuscripts and five boxes of silk paintings and textiles from the Library Cave at a low price. Stein later published travel accounts detailing his findings in Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan (1912) and an official archaeological report titled Serindia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China (1921), both of which provide comprehensive records of the Library Cave. In 1914, during his third expedition to Central Asia, he returned to Dunhuang and again defrauded Wang into selling him over 570 pieces of Dunhuang manuscripts. This experience is documented in his Innermost Asia: Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran (1928). In addition to these travel accounts and archaeological reports, Stein also authored The Thousand Buddhas: Ancient Buddhist Paintings from the Cave-Temples of Tun-huang on the Western Frontier of China (1921), which focused on the ancient Buddhist paintings found in the Dunhuang Caves.

The artifacts and manuscripts removed from Dunhuang mainly flowed to collections of the British Museum, the British Library, the Library of the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, and the National Museum, New Delhi.

斯坦因

斯坦因（Marc Aural Stein，1862—1943），英籍匈牙利人，他是第一個(gè)騙購(gòu)敦煌藏經(jīng)洞文物的外國(guó)人，在英國(guó)和英屬印度政府的支持下，先后完成了三次中亞探險(xiǎn)。

1907年，斯坦因在進(jìn)行第二次中亞探險(xiǎn)時(shí)到達(dá)敦煌。斯坦因一行不僅在敦煌附近長(zhǎng)城沿線掘得大量漢簡(jiǎn)，更到訪莫高窟拍攝了大量洞窟照片，并利用王道士的無(wú)知，廉價(jià)騙購(gòu)藏經(jīng)洞出土敦煌文獻(xiàn)24箱、絹畫(huà)和絲織品等5箱。斯坦因后來(lái)出版的旅行記《沙漠契丹廢址記》（1912）和正式的考古報(bào)告《西域考古記》（1921）對(duì)敦煌藏經(jīng)洞均有詳細(xì)記錄。1914年，斯坦因第三次中亞探險(xiǎn)時(shí)再次來(lái)到敦煌，又從王道士手中騙購(gòu)570余件敦煌文獻(xiàn)，這次經(jīng)歷在他的正式考古報(bào)告《亞洲腹地考古報(bào)告》（1928）中有記錄。除了上述的旅行記和考古報(bào)告外，斯坦因還編著有《千佛洞：中國(guó)西部邊境敦煌石窟寺所獲之古代佛教繪畫(huà)》（1921）一書(shū)。

這些從敦煌得到的出土文物和文獻(xiàn)，主要入藏英國(guó)國(guó)家博物館、英國(guó)國(guó)家圖書(shū)館和印度事務(wù)部圖書(shū)館，以及印度國(guó)家博物館。