The System of Institutions for Eco-Civilization

Establishing a sound system of institutions for an eco-civilization is an important part of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization.

According to the overall plan to reform the system for developing an eco-civilization, issued by the central authorities in September 2015, China would set up a complete system of institutions for an eco-civilization by the year 2020, which would feature a clear definition of property rights, participation of diverse entities, and both incentives and constraints.

This system of institutions is composed of the following eight elements:

?a system of property rights of natural resource assets, with clearly defined ownership, rights and responsibilities, and effective supervision, to address such problems as absence of owner and ownership ambiguity;

?a system for developing and protecting territorial space, based on spatial plans and control over usage, to solve such problems as occupation of quality farmlands and ecological space, eco-environmental damage, and pollution as a result of disorderly, excessive or dispersed development;

?a national unified spatial planning system with tiered management, with spatial governance and structural improvement as the main elements, to address such problems as conflicting plans, overlapping functions of government departments, and frequent changes in local regulations;

?a system for total consumption control and comprehensive resource conservation, based on science, procedures and strict management, to address such problems as serious waste and low utilization efficiency;

?systems of eco-compensation and paid use of natural resources, which reflect supply and demand, scarcity of resources, the value of nature, and inter-generation compensation, to address such problems as insufficient value being given to natural resources and their products, production and development costs that are lower than social cost, and insufficient compensation for eco-environmental protection;

?an environmental governance system for improving the environment, with unified regulation, strict law enforcement, and participation of diverse parties, to address such problems as weakness in pollution prevention and control, overlapping regulation functions, mismatch between powers and responsibilities, and inadequate sanctions against law violations;

?a market system for using more economic levers to help environmental governance and eco-environmental conservation, to address such problems as immature market entities and market system, and lack of public participation; and

?a system of performance review and accountability for eco-environmental damage, which fully reflects resource consumption, environmental damage and ecological benefits, to address such problems as incomplete performance assessment, unfulfilled responsibilities, and inadequate accountability for damage.

生態(tài)文明制度體系

堅(jiān)持和完善生態(tài)文明制度體系，是習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想的重要內(nèi)容。2015年9月，中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院印發(fā)《生態(tài)文明體制改革總體方案》，明確生態(tài)文明體制改革的目標(biāo)是，到2020年，構(gòu)建起產(chǎn)權(quán)清晰、多元參與、激勵(lì)約束并重、系統(tǒng)完整的生態(tài)文明制度體系。

構(gòu)建生態(tài)文明制度體系主要涵蓋八個(gè)方面：構(gòu)建歸屬清晰、權(quán)責(zé)明確、監(jiān)管有效的自然資源資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度，著力解決自然資源所有者不到位、所有權(quán)邊界模糊等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建以空間規(guī)劃為基礎(chǔ)、以用途管制為主要手段的國(guó)土空間開(kāi)發(fā)保護(hù)制度，著力解決因無(wú)序開(kāi)發(fā)、過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)、分散開(kāi)發(fā)導(dǎo)致的優(yōu)質(zhì)耕地和生態(tài)空間占用過(guò)多、生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建以空間治理和空間結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化為主要內(nèi)容，全國(guó)統(tǒng)一、相互銜接、分級(jí)管理的空間規(guī)劃體系，著力解決空間性規(guī)劃重疊沖突、部門(mén)職責(zé)交叉重復(fù)、地方規(guī)劃朝令夕改等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建覆蓋全面、科學(xué)規(guī)范、管理嚴(yán)格的資源總量管理和全面節(jié)約制度，著力解決資源使用浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重、利用效率不高等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建反映市場(chǎng)供求和資源稀缺程度、體現(xiàn)自然價(jià)值和代際補(bǔ)償?shù)馁Y源有償使用和生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度，著力解決自然資源及其產(chǎn)品價(jià)格偏低、生產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)成本低于社會(huì)成本、保護(hù)生態(tài)得不到合理回報(bào)等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建以改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量為導(dǎo)向，監(jiān)管統(tǒng)一、執(zhí)法嚴(yán)明、多方參與的環(huán)境治理體系，著力解決污染防治能力弱、監(jiān)管職能交叉、權(quán)責(zé)不一致、違法成本過(guò)低等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建更多運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿進(jìn)行環(huán)境治理和生態(tài)保護(hù)的市場(chǎng)體系，著力解決市場(chǎng)主體和市場(chǎng)體系發(fā)育滯后、社會(huì)參與度不高等問(wèn)題。構(gòu)建充分反映資源消耗、環(huán)境損害和生態(tài)效益的生態(tài)文明績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)考核和責(zé)任追究制度，著力解決發(fā)展績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)不全面、責(zé)任落實(shí)不到位、損害責(zé)任追究缺失等問(wèn)題。