相對(duì)貧困

與絕對(duì)貧困對(duì)應(yīng)的概念是相對(duì)貧困。相對(duì)貧困是建立在將窮人的生活水平與其他不太貧困的社會(huì)成員的生活水平相比較的基礎(chǔ)上的，通常這包括對(duì)作為研究對(duì)象的社會(huì)總體平均水平的測(cè)度。相對(duì)貧困有三個(gè)特征：第一，它是一種由社會(huì)作出的主觀(guān)判斷。其實(shí)際上是社會(huì)上多數(shù)人對(duì)于較低生活水平的一定確認(rèn)，如有的國(guó)家以全國(guó)人均收入的一定比例作為貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而有的國(guó)家則以中位收入水平的一定比例作為貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第二，它具有歷史動(dòng)態(tài)性。隨著不同時(shí)期的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和生活方式的變化，貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有很大差別。第三，它具有長(zhǎng)期性。相對(duì)貧困的實(shí)質(zhì)是不平等，只要社會(huì)存在不平等，就存在相對(duì)貧困，實(shí)際上，由于不平等是常態(tài)，因而相對(duì)貧困也將普遍存在。

2020年全面建成小康社會(huì)之后，中國(guó)將整體消除絕對(duì)貧困，但相對(duì)貧困仍將長(zhǎng)期存在。到那時(shí)，針對(duì)絕對(duì)貧困的脫貧攻堅(jiān)舉措要逐步調(diào)整為針對(duì)相對(duì)貧困的日常性幫扶措施，并納入鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略架構(gòu)下統(tǒng)籌安排。

Relative Poverty

Relative poverty is the result of comparing the living standards of poor people and those of other members of the society. It reveals the overall living conditions of a society as a whole.

Relative poverty has three features:

(1) It is a subjective judgment made by a society, or the majority of the residents, about lower living standards. Some countries take a certain percentage of the per capita income as the poverty threshold, while others use a certain percentage of the median income as the benchmark.

(2) It is a concept that evolves. Over time the baseline for poverty may vary due to changes in social productivity and ways of life.

(3) It is protracted in nature. Relative poverty is in essence inequality. As long as inequality exists, there is relative poverty. Since inequality always exists, relative poverty will exist everywhere.

Absolute poverty will be eliminated in China by 2020, as the country becomes moderately prosperous in all respects. But relative poverty will remain for a long time. Then the measures taken to tackle absolute poverty will gradually evolve into routine assistance to those living in relative poverty, and become part of the rural revitalization strategy.