China plans to enact a bill that would eventually unify income
tax rates for domestic and foreign companies at 25 percent after
years of criticism that the tax policies are unfair to domestic
entities.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), or top legislature, has initiated the
lawmaking process to discuss a bill on corporate income tax on
Sunday.
China's current dual income-tax structures have long been the
subject of intense debate. Many Chinese economists, government
officials and business leaders have openly criticized the tax
policies as being unfair to domestic businesses, while offering
competitive advantages to foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs).
Chinese companies currently pay income tax at a nominal rate of
33 percent, while their foreign counterparts -- who benefit from
tax waivers and incentives to encourage investment in China -- pay
an average of 15 percent.
Although the actual income-tax gap of the two types of
businesses is less wide -- domestic companies pay around 24 percent
and overseas-funded businesses 14 percent, many people believe that
it handicaps domestic players who have been facing tougher
competition since China joined the World Trade Organization in
2001.
Local companies have called forcefully for the same privileges,
but foreign investors counterattack that local competitors are able
to obtain preferential loans and other special treatment.
In fact, many local governments offer various tax incentives to
investors, domestic or foreign, such as very low land rent or
locally defined tax waivers.
The generous tax incentives have fueled foreign capital inflows.
China has been one of the world top destinations for FDI, hitting
US$53.5 billion in 2003, US$60.6 billion in 2004, and US$60.3
billion in 2006 in terms of the amount actually used.
But the WTO entry has forced China to consider revising the dual
income-tax structure ranging from 24 to 28 percent to put all
market players on an equal footing.
The process has, however, not been progressing smoothly. Within
the government, opinion divides. While some government departments
call for a fair tax system, others fear a unified tax structure
would cause FDI losses.
The Ministry of Finance, major drafter of the bill, has been
actively promoting the move. Finance Minister Jin Renqing openly accused the current tax
regimes of being "too complicated", saying "a unified tax code will
create a taxation environment that favors fair competition among
all ventures registered in China."
The draft bill suggests a 25 percent income-tax rate for both
domestic and foreign-funded businesses, which legislators say
compares favorably with other countries and regions and with
international rates.
There are 159 countries and regions that levy corporate income
tax at an average 28.6 percent.
According to the draft law, income tax for small businesses with
low profits will be limited to 20 percent. Depending on what region
and what industry they are active in, small businesses now pay
either 18 percent or 27 percent.
To put domestic businesses on an equal footing with their
foreign counterparts, the bill authorizes domestic companies to
deduct employees' full salaries from taxable income as foreign
companies do. Up until now, domestic companies could only deduct a
maximum of 1,600 yuan (US$200) per person.
The two-year full tax exemption and three-year partial tax
exemption for foreign manufacturers will be rescinded and
export-oriented foreign-funded businesses will no longer enjoy a
special fifty percent tax break.
According to official calculation, as the new tax rate for
domestic companies, which constitutes the majority of the tax base,
will substantially drop, income tax collected from domestic
companies will shrink by 134 billion yuan (US$16.8 billion).
Despite an income tax increase of foreign companies of 41
billion yuan (US$5.1 billion), the state coffer will still face a
reduction of 93 billion yuan (US$11.6 billion) in income
taxation.
In 2005, China's tax revenue, excluding tariffs and agricultural
tax, rose to a record high of 3.0866 trillion yuan (US$381
billion).
Still, China's fast growing economy, improved competitiveness of
businesses and growth momentum of fiscal revenue have convinced tax
and financial officials that the country can afford the loss.
"We push corporate income tax reform under such circumstances.
It's a time favorable for reform as state finance and businesses
have strong capacity to face the reform," said Jin.
(Xinua News Agency December 24, 2006)